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A Case in Point: Communication With Unknown Intelligence/s
Tomi S. Melka & Robert M. Schoch
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Abstract. This article discusses from a semiotic perspective one important variable—anthropocentrism—present in various proposed messages intended to communicate with off-world intelligences. Our review of different scenarios reveals embedded flaws to various degrees. This should not be a reason for desisting in the pursuit of SETI-style (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) passive “listening” or active “messaging” programs; however, in tandem with such SETI-style programs, a robust and efficient strategy for potential contact should be developed as well. Such a strategy will require adequate time for major structural improvements in both the semiotic and technological realms rather than attempted last-minute adjustments carried out, for instance, when a SETI-style program claims success and contact seems imminent.
The realization that humans often have great difficulties in interpreting their own cultural products and experiences (especially, the long-forgotten ones), as well as the communicative abilities of non-human residents on Earth, is deemed a critical aspect that must be overcome in order to undertake successful hypothetical communication with extraterrestrial intelligences (ETIs). Furthermore, we believe it is pertinent to raise the issue of the modality that any particular ETIs might utilize or recognize as a communication system. Arguably, the widely held assumption (often unstated) that ETIs will recognize and respond positively to either visual or auditory communication (where auditory communication is often encoded in visual graphic forms, such as writing systems), in many cases coded in and transmitted via electromagnetic waves or some other medium, is simply a form of anthropocentrism at a fundamental level.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-melk


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@BOOK{engdahl2006a,
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@BOOK{evamy2003a,
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@BOOK{faucounau1999a,
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@BOOK{b-a,
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}

@BOOK{fontana2003a,
   AUTHOR = {Fontana, David},
   TITLE = {The Secret Language of Symbols: A Visual Key to Symbols and their Meanings},
   PUBLISHER = {Chronicle Books LLC},
   ADDRESS = {San Francisco},
   YEAR = {2003},
}

@BOOK{foucault1983a,
   AUTHOR = {Foucault, Michel},
   TRANSLATOR = {Harkness, James},
   TITLE = {This Is Not a Pipe},
   PUBLISHER = {University of California Press},
   ADDRESS = {Berkeley, Los Angeles, London},
   YEAR = {1983},
}

@BOOK{freudenthal,
   AUTHOR = {Freudenthal, Hans},
   TITLE = {Lincos: Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse (Part I)},
   PUBLISHER = {North-Holland Publishing Co.},
   ADDRESS = {Amsterdam},
   YEAR = {1960},
}

@ARTICLE{froehlich2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Fröhlich, Marlen and Hobaiter, Catherine},
   TITLE = {The Development of Gestural Communication in Great Apes},
   JOURNAL = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
   YEAR = {2018},
   VOLUME = {72},
   NUMBER = {194},
   PAGES = {1--14},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{garber2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Garber, Stephen J.},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {A Political History of NASA's SETI Program},
   BOOKTITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
   PAGES = {23--48},
}

@BOOK{gardner2007a,
   AUTHOR = {Gardner, James},
   TITLE = {AI, ET, and the Emerging Mind of the Cosmos},
   PUBLISHER = {New Page Books / The Career Press, Inc},
   ADDRESS = {Franklin Lakes, New Jersey},
   YEAR = {2007},
}

@BOOK{garrett2001a,
   AUTHOR = {Garrett, Paul},
   TITLE = {Making, Breaking Codes: An Introduction to Cryptology},
   PUBLISHER = {Prentice Hall, Inc},
   ADDRESS = {Upper Saddle River, New Jersey},
   YEAR = {2001},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{gertz2016a,
   AUTHOR = {Gertz, John},
   TITLE = {Reviewing METI: A Critical Analysis of the Arguments},
   YEAR = {2016},
   NOTE = {\url{arXiv:1605.05663}},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ghosh2020a,
   AUTHOR = {Ghosh, Pallab},
   TITLE = {Astronomers Want Public Funds for Intelligent Life Search},
   BOOKTITLE = {BBC News. Science \& Environment},
   YEAR = {2020},
   URL = {https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51223704},
}

@ARTICLE{gillon2017a,
   AUTHOR = {Gillon, Michaël and Triaud, Amaury H.M.J. and Queloz, Didier},
   TITLE = {Seven Temperate Terrestrial Planets around the Nearby Ultracool Dwarf Star TRAPPIST-1},
   JOURNAL = {Nature},
   YEAR = {2017},
   VOLUME = {542},
   PAGES = {456--460},
}

@ARTICLE{g2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Głaz, Adam},
   TITLE = {Rorschach, We Have a Problem! The Linguistics of First Contact in Watts's Blindsight and Lem's His Master's Voice},
   JOURNAL = {Science Fiction Studies},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {41},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {364--391},
   URL = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5621/sciefictstud.41.2.0364},
}

@ARTICLE{golomb1961a,
   AUTHOR = {Golomb, Solomon W.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Linguistics},
   JOURNAL = {Word Ways---The Journal of Recreational Linguistics},
   YEAR = {1961},
   VOLUME = {1},
   NUMBER = {4},
   PAGES = {202--205},
   URL = {http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/wordways/vol1/iss4/5},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-i,
   AUTHOR = {Golomb, Solomon W.},
   TITLE = {When is Extra-terrestrial Life Interesting?},
   JOURNAL = {Engineering and Science},
   YEAR = {1963},
   VOLUME = {26},
   NUMBER = {5},
   PAGES = {15--17},
}

@BOOK{gombrich1982a,
   AUTHOR = {Gombrich, Ernst H.},
   TITLE = {The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation},
   PUBLISHER = {Cornell University Press / Phaidon Books},
   ADDRESS = {Ithaca, New York},
   YEAR = {1982},
}

@BOOK{gomel2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Gomel, Elana},
   TITLE = {Science Fiction, Alien Encounters, and the Ethics of Posthumanism: Beyond the Golden Rule},
   PUBLISHER = {Palgrave Macmillan},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2014},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{goralnik2012a,
   AUTHOR = {Goralnik, Lissy and Nelson, Michael P.},
   EDITOR = {Chadwick, Ruth},
   TITLE = {Anthropocentrism},
   BOOKTITLE = {Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics},
   EDITION = {2},
   PUBLISHER = {Academic Press},
   ADDRESS = {San Diego},
   YEAR = {2012},
   VOLUME = {1},
   PAGES = {145--155},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{gorman2009a,
   AUTHOR = {Gorman, Alice},
   EDITOR = {Darrin, Ann G. and O'Leary, Beth Laura},
   TITLE = {Cultural Landscape of Space},
   BOOKTITLE = {Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology and Heritage},
   PUBLISHER = {CRC Press / Taylor \& Francis Group},
   ADDRESS = {Boca Ratón, FL},
   YEAR = {2009},
   PAGES = {335--346},
}

@ARTICLE{gray2001a,
   AUTHOR = {Gray, Robert H. and Marvel, Kevin B.},
   TITLE = {A Very Large Array Search for the Ohio State `Wow'},
   JOURNAL = {The Astrophysical Journal},
   YEAR = {2001},
   VOLUME = {546},
   PAGES = {1171--1177},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{grinspoon2007a,
   AUTHOR = {Grinspoon, David},
   TITLE = {Who Speaks for Earth?},
   YEAR = {2007},
   NOTE = {SeedMagazine.com},
   URL = {http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/who_speaks_for_earth/},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{harbour2019a,
   AUTHOR = {Harbour, Daniel},
   TITLE = {Writing Systems and METI: Off-the-shelf Encoding of Human Physiology, Language, Cognition, and Culture},
   YEAR = {2019},
   NOTE = {Ms, Queen Mary University of London},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{harris2009a,
   AUTHOR = {Harris, Martyn},
   TITLE = {High-resolution © Picture(s) of Tablet “Aruku Kurenga” taken at the General Archives of the Padri dei Sacri Cuori (SSCC), Rome, Italy},
   YEAR = {2009},
   NOTE = {Images in the collection of TSM},
}

@ARTICLE{harrison2011,
   AUTHOR = {Harrison, Albert A.},
   TITLE = {The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Astrosociology and Cultural Aspects},
   JOURNAL = {Astropolitics: The International Journal of Space Politics \& Policy},
   YEAR = {2011},
   VOLUME = {9},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {63--83},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{harrison2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Harrison, Albert A.},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Speaking for Earth: Projecting Cultural Values across Deep Space and Time},
   BOOKTITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
   PAGES = {175--191},
}

@ARTICLE{harrison1990a,
   AUTHOR = {Harrison, Albert A. and Elms, Alan C.},
   TITLE = {Psychology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence},
   JOURNAL = {Behavioral Science},
   YEAR = {1990},
   VOLUME = {35},
   NUMBER = {3},
   PAGES = {207--218},
}

@ARTICLE{hayward1997a,
   AUTHOR = {Hayward, Tim},
   TITLE = {Anthropocentrism: A Misunderstood Problem},
   JOURNAL = {Environmental Values},
   YEAR = {1997},
   VOLUME = {6},
   PAGES = {49--63},
}

@ARTICLE{heidmann1993a,
   AUTHOR = {Heidmann, Jean},
   TITLE = {A Replay from Earth: Just send them the Encyclopedia},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {1993},
   VOLUME = {29},
   PAGES = {233--235},
}

@BOOK{unknown-j,
   AUTHOR = {Heidmann, Jean},
   TRANSLATOR = {Dunlop, Storm},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Intelligence},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {1995},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{heller2017a,
   AUTHOR = {Heller, René},
   TITLE = {Decryption of Messages from Extraterrestrial Intelligence Using the Power of Social Media---the SETI Decrypt Challenge},
   YEAR = {2017},
   NOTE = {\url{arXiv:1706.00653}},
}

@ARTICLE{heller2016a,
   AUTHOR = {Heller, René and Pudritz, Ralph E.},
   TITLE = {The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in Earth's Solar Transit Zone},
   JOURNAL = {Astrobiology},
   YEAR = {2016},
   VOLUME = {16},
   PAGES = {259--270},
}

@ARTICLE{herzing2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Herzing, Denise L.},
   TITLE = {Profiling Nonhuman Intelligence: An Exercise in Developing Unbiased Tools for Describing Other `Types' of Intelligence on Earth},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {94},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {676--680},
   URL = {http://www.wilddolphinproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Herzing-Non-Human-Intell-Acta.pdf},
}

@ARTICLE{hewes1957a,
   AUTHOR = {Hewes, Gordon W.},
   TITLE = {The Anthropology of Posture},
   JOURNAL = {Scientific American},
   YEAR = {1957},
   VOLUME = {196},
   PAGES = {123--132},
}

@BOOK{higenbottam1973a,
   AUTHOR = {Higenbottam, Frank},
   TITLE = {Codes and Ciphers},
   PUBLISHER = {English Universities Press},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {1973},
}

@BOOK{hofstadter1999a,
   AUTHOR = {Hofstadter, Douglas R.},
   TITLE = {Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid},
   PUBLISHER = {Basic Books, Inc},
   ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
   YEAR = {1999},
}

@ARTICLE{hogben1952a,
   AUTHOR = {Hogben, Lancelot T.},
   TITLE = {Astraglossa, or First Steps in Celestial Syntax},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of the British Interplanetary Society},
   YEAR = {1952},
   VOLUME = {11},
   NUMBER = {6},
   PAGES = {258--274},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-k,
   AUTHOR = {Hogben, Lancelot T.},
   TITLE = {Cosmical Language'---A Review of Hans Freudenthal's Lincos, Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse},
   JOURNAL = {Nature},
   YEAR = {1961},
   VOLUME = {192},
   PAGES = {826--827},
}

@BOOK{irving1994a,
   AUTHOR = {Irving, John},
   TITLE = {The Water-Method Man},
   PUBLISHER = {Corgi Books},
   ADDRESS = {Ealing, London},
   YEAR = {1994},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{jarrell2007a,
   AUTHOR = {Jarrell, Richard A.},
   EDITOR = {Hockey, Thomas},
   TITLE = {Littrow [Littroff], Johann Joseph (Edler) von},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2007},
   PAGES = {699--700},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{johnson2020a,
   AUTHOR = {Johnson, Kang},
   TITLE = {Simpsons Wiki},
   YEAR = {2020},
   URL = {https://simpsons.fandom.com/wiki/Kang},
}

@BOOK{jonas1976a,
   AUTHOR = {Jonas, Doris and Jonas, David},
   TITLE = {Other Senses, Other Worlds},
   PUBLISHER = {Stein and Day},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {1976},
}

@BOOK{goman2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Kinsey Goman, Carol},
   TITLE = {The Nonverbal Advantage---Secrets and Science of Body Language at Work},
   PUBLISHER = {Berret-Koehler Publishers},
   ADDRESS = {San Francisco},
   YEAR = {2008},
}

@ARTICLE{kipping2020a,
   AUTHOR = {Kipping, David},
   TITLE = {An Objective Bayesian Analysis of Life's Early Start and our Late Arrival},
   JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {117},
   NUMBER = {22},
   PAGES = {11995--12003},
}

@ARTICLE{kopnina2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Kopnina, Helen and Washington, Haydn and Taylor, Bron and Piccolo, John J.},
   TITLE = {Anthropocentrism: More than Just a Misunderstood Problem},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics},
   YEAR = {2018},
   VOLUME = {31},
   PAGES = {109--127},
}

@ARTICLE{kukla2001a,
   AUTHOR = {Kukla, André},
   TITLE = {SETI: On the Prospects and Pursuitworthiness of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence},
   JOURNAL = {Studies in History and Philosophy of Science},
   YEAR = {2001},
   VOLUME = {32},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {31--67},
}

@BOOK{lem1970a,
   AUTHOR = {Lem, Stanisław},
   TRANSLATOR = {Kilmartin, Joanna and Cox, Steve},
   TITLE = {Solaris},
   PUBLISHER = {Walker and Company},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {1970},
}

@BOOK{voice-a,
   AUTHOR = {Lem, Stanisław},
   TRANSLATOR = {Kandel, Michael},
   TITLE = {His Master's Voice},
   PUBLISHER = {Northwestern University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Evanston, Illinois},
   YEAR = {1999},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lemarchand1996a,
   AUTHOR = {Lemarchand, Guillermo A. and Lomberg, Jon},
   TITLE = {Are There Any Universal Principles in Science and Aesthetics that Could Help Us to Set the Unknown Parameters for Interstellar Communication?},
   BOOKTITLE = {Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe, Capri, Italy, July 1–5, 1996},
   SERIES = {International Astronomical Union Colloquium},
   YEAR = {1996},
   VOLUME = {161},
   PAGES = {4--12},
   URL = {http://www.jonlomberg.com/articles/seti_and_aesthetics.html},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{lovecraft1999a,
   AUTHOR = {Lovecraft, Howard P.},
   EDITOR = {Joshi, S.T.},
   TITLE = {The Tale of Inspector Legrasse},
   BOOKTITLE = {The Call of Cthulhu},
   EDITION = {1},
   PUBLISHER = {Dell},
   ADDRESS = {New York City, NY},
   YEAR = {1999},
   PAGES = {147--159},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{m2020a,
   AUTHOR = {{MAB}},
   TITLE = {Trolleys BANKSY},
   YEAR = {2020},
   URL = {https://www.myartbroker.com/artist/banksy/trolleys/},
}

@ARTICLE{martin2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Martin, William and Baross, John and Kelley, Deborah and Russell, Michael J.},
   TITLE = {Reviews---Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life},
   JOURNAL = {Nature Reviews},
   YEAR = {2008},
   VOLUME = {6},
   PAGES = {805--814},
}

@BOOK{matloff2005a,
   AUTHOR = {Matloff, Gregory L.},
   TITLE = {Deep Space Probes: To the Outer Solar System and Beyond},
   EDITION = {2},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer / Praxis Publishing},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany / Chichester, UK},
   YEAR = {2005},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mayr1985a,
   AUTHOR = {Mayr, Ernst},
   EDITOR = {Regis, Jr, Edward},
   TITLE = {The Probability of Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life},
   BOOKTITLE = {Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {1985},
   PAGES = {23--30},
}

@ARTICLE{melka2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S.},
   TITLE = {Structural Observations regarding mph{rongorongo} Tablet `Keiti'},
   JOURNAL = {Cryptologia},
   YEAR = {2008},
   VOLUME = {32},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {155--179},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-l,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S.},
   TITLE = {The Moche Lima Beans Recording System, Revisited},
   JOURNAL = {Electronic Journal of Folklore},
   YEAR = {2010},
   VOLUME = {45},
   PAGES = {89--136},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-m,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S.},
   TITLE = {`Harmonic'-like Sequences in the mph{rongorongo} Script},
   JOURNAL = {Glottotheory: International Journal of Linguistics (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin)},
   YEAR = {2013},
   VOLUME = {4},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {115--139},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{melka2017,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S.},
   TITLE = {A Developmental Continuum for the mph{rongorongo} Script of Easter Island (Part~1)},
   YEAR = {2017},
   NOTE = {Manuscript in the Collection of TSM},
}

@ARTICLE{melka2020a,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S. and Místecký, Michal},
   TITLE = {On Stylometric Features of H.~Beam Piper's Omnilingual},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {27},
   NUMBER = {3},
   PAGES = {204--243},
}

@ARTICLE{melka2020b,
   AUTHOR = {Melka, Tomi S. and Schoch, Robert M.},
   TITLE = {Exploring a Mysterious Tablet from Easter Island: The Issues of Authenticity and Falsifiability in mph{rongorongo} Studies},
   JOURNAL = {Cryptologia},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {44},
   NUMBER = {6},
   PAGES = {481--544},
}

@ARTICLE{messerschmitt2012a,
   AUTHOR = {Messerschmitt, David G. and Morrison, Ian S.},
   TITLE = {Design of Interstellar Digital Communication Links: Some Insights from Communication Engineering},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2012},
   VOLUME = {78},
   NUMBER = {1},
   PAGES = {80--89},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{metiorg2020a,
   AUTHOR = {{METI.org}},
   TITLE = {Mission---The Primary Objectives and Purposes of METI International},
   YEAR = {2020},
   URL = {http://meti.org/en/mission},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{michael2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Michael, George},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Friends, Foes, or Just Curious?},
   BOOKTITLE = {Extraterrestrial Altruism},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
   YEAR = {2014},
   NOTE = {An Adaptation of Michael, George (2011). “Extraterrestrial Aliens: Friends, Foes, or Just Curious?” mph{Skeptic} 16(3), pp. 46–53},
}

@BOOK{michaud2007a,
   AUTHOR = {Michaud, Michael A.G.},
   TITLE = {Contact with Alien Civilizations: Our Hopes and Fears about Encountering Extraterrestrials},
   PUBLISHER = {Copernicus Books / Springer},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2007},
}

@ARTICLE{musso2012a,
   AUTHOR = {Musso, Paolo},
   TITLE = {The Problem of Active SETI: An Overview},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2012},
   VOLUME = {78},
   PAGES = {43--54},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{geographic2010a,
   AUTHOR = {{National Geographic}},
   TITLE = {Cobra vs.\ Mongoose},
   YEAR = {2010},
   URL = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdg9gkmWsEA},
}

@ARTICLE{neal2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Neal, Mark},
   TITLE = {Preparing for Extraterrestrial Contact},
   JOURNAL = {Risk Management},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {16},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {63--87},
}

@ARTICLE{nieman1920a,
   AUTHOR = {Nieman, H.W. and Nieman, C.~Wells},
   TITLE = {What Shall We Say to Mars?},
   JOURNAL = {Scientific American},
   YEAR = {1920},
   VOLUME = {122},
   NUMBER = {12},
   PAGES = {298--312},
}

@BOOK{olivier1996a,
   AUTHOR = {Olivier, Jean Pierre and Godart, Louis and Poursat, Jean-Claude},
   TITLE = {Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum Cretae (CHIC)},
   SERIES = {Études Crétoises},
   PUBLISHER = {De Boccard},
   ADDRESS = {Paris},
   YEAR = {1996},
   VOLUME = {31},
}

@BOOK{orliac2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Orliac, Michel and Orliac, Catherine},
   TITLE = {Trésors de l'île de Pâques / Treasures of Easter Island},
   SERIES = {Collection de la Congrégation des Sacrés-Cœurs de Jésus et de Marie SS.~CC},
   PUBLISHER = {Frédéric Dawance / Paris: Louise Leiris},
   ADDRESS = {Genève},
   YEAR = {2008},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{pajmans2004a,
   AUTHOR = {Pajmans, J.J.},
   TITLE = {The Language Question: Corpus Linguistics for non-Human Communication},
   YEAR = {2004},
   URL = {http://sites.millersville.edu/bduncan/221/animals/bees/paijmans-baden.pdf},
}

@BOOK{pope1999a,
   AUTHOR = {Pope, Maurice},
   TITLE = {The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian Hieroglyphs to Maya Script},
   PUBLISHER = {Thames \& Hudson},
   ADDRESS = {London},
   YEAR = {1999},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{potts1996a,
   AUTHOR = {Potts, Alex},
   EDITOR = {Nelson, Robert S. and Shiff, Richard},
   TITLE = {Sign},
   BOOKTITLE = {Critical Terms for Art History},
   PUBLISHER = {University of Chicago Press},
   ADDRESS = {London, Chicago},
   YEAR = {1996},
   PAGES = {20--34},
}

@ARTICLE{race2012a,
   AUTHOR = {Race, Margaret and Denning, Kathryn and Bertka, Constance and Dick, Steven J. and Harrison, Albert and Impey, Christopher and Mancinelli, Rocco},
   TITLE = {Astrobiology and Society: Building an Interdisciplinary Research Community},
   JOURNAL = {Astrobiology},
   YEAR = {2012},
   VOLUME = {12},
   NUMBER = {10},
   PAGES = {958--965},
}

@ARTICLE{raup1992a,
   AUTHOR = {Raup, David M.},
   TITLE = {Nonconscious Intelligence in the Universe},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {1992},
   VOLUME = {26},
   NUMBER = {3--4},
   PAGES = {257--261},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{raybeck2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Raybeck, Douglas},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Contact Considerations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective},
   BOOKTITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
   PAGES = {143--161},
}

@BOOK{reddy2012a,
   AUTHOR = {Reddy, Francis},
   TITLE = {Celestial Delights: The Best Astronomical Events through 2020},
   SERIES = {The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer Nature Switzerland AG},
   ADDRESS = {Cham},
   YEAR = {2012},
}

@BOOK{regis1985a,
   EDITOR = {Regis, Jr., E.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {1985},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{rescher1985a,
   AUTHOR = {Rescher, N.},
   EDITOR = {Regis, Jr., E.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Science},
   BOOKTITLE = {Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {1985},
   PAGES = {83--116},
}

@BOOK{robinson2002a,
   AUTHOR = {Robinson, Andrew},
   TITLE = {Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts},
   PUBLISHER = {McGraw-Hill},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2002},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-n,
   AUTHOR = {Robinson, Andrew},
   TITLE = {Cryptography: The Codes that Got Away},
   JOURNAL = {Nature},
   YEAR = {2017},
   VOLUME = {546},
   PAGES = {208--209},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{rosenthal2016a,
   AUTHOR = {Rosenthal, Jake},
   TITLE = {The Pioneer Plaque: Science as a Universal Language},
   YEAR = {2016},
   URL = {http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0120-the-pioneer-plaque-science-as-a-universallanguage.html},
}

@ARTICLE{russell,
   AUTHOR = {Russell, Eric Frank},
   TITLE = {Allamagoosa},
   JOURNAL = {Astounding Science Fiction},
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   VOLUME = {55},
   NUMBER = {3},
   PAGES = {48--59},
}

@BOOK{sagan1985a,
   AUTHOR = {Sagan, Carl},
   TITLE = {Contact},
   PUBLISHER = {Simon and Schuster},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {1985},
}

@ARTICLE{sagan1972a,
   AUTHOR = {Sagan, Carl and Sagan, Linda Salzman and Drake, Frank D.},
   TITLE = {A Message from Earth},
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   VOLUME = {175},
   NUMBER = {4024},
   PAGES = {881--884},
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}

@INPROCEEDINGS{saint-gelais2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Saint-Gelais, Richard},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Beyond Linear~B: The Metasemiotic Challenge of Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence},
   BOOKTITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
   PAGES = {78--95},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{schetsche2005a,
   AUTHOR = {Schetsche, Michael},
   TITLE = {SETI and the Consequences: Futurological Reflections on the Confrontation of Mankind with an Extraterrestrial Civilization},
   YEAR = {2005},
   URL = {http://astrosociology.com/Library/PDF/Contributions/SETIandConsequences_ENG.pdf},
}

@BOOK{schmidt1995a,
   AUTHOR = {Schmidt, Stanley},
   EDITOR = {Bova, Ben},
   TITLE = {Aliens and Alien Societies},
   SERIES = {Science Fiction Writing Series},
   PUBLISHER = {Writer's Digest Book / F\&W Publications, Inc},
   ADDRESS = {Cincinnati, OH},
   YEAR = {1995},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{schoch2017a,
   AUTHOR = {Schoch, Robert M.},
   TITLE = {The mph{Wow!} Signal Controversy: Was Evidence of Extraterrestrials Detected in 1977?},
   YEAR = {2017},
   NOTE = {Manuscript in the collections of the RMS and TSM},
}

@ARTICLE{shermer,
   AUTHOR = {Shermer, Michael},
   TITLE = {Why ET Hasn't Called},
   JOURNAL = {Scientific American},
   YEAR = {2002},
   VOLUME = {287},
   NUMBER = {2 (August 2002)},
   PAGES = {33},
}

@BOOK{shklovskii1966a,
   AUTHOR = {Shklovskii, Iosif Samuilovich and Sagan, Carl},
   TITLE = {Intelligent Life in the Universe},
   PUBLISHER = {Holden-Day},
   ADDRESS = {San Francisco},
   YEAR = {1966},
}

@BOOK{shostak2003a,
   AUTHOR = {Shostak, Seth and Barnett, Alexandra},
   TITLE = {Cosmic Company: The Search for Life in the Universe},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {2003},
}

@BOOK{shuch2011a,
   EDITOR = {Shuch, H. Paul},
   TITLE = {Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: SETI, Past, Present and Future},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer / Praxis Publishing},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany / Chichester, UK},
   YEAR = {2011},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{simak1951a,
   AUTHOR = {Simak, Clifford D.},
   EDITOR = {Browne, Howard},
   TITLE = {Beachhead \‍textup{(originally,} You'll Never Go Home Again\‍textup)},
   BOOKTITLE = {Fantastic Adventures, July 1951},
   PUBLISHER = {Ziff-Davis Publishing Company},
   ADDRESS = {Chicago, IL},
   YEAR = {1951},
   PAGES = {72--87},
   NOTE = {Interior artwork by Leo Summers},
}

@ARTICLE{smith2009a,
   AUTHOR = {Smith, Reginald D.},
   TITLE = {Broadcasting but not receiving: Density Dependence Considerations for SETI Signals},
   JOURNAL = {International Journal of Astrobiology},
   YEAR = {2009},
   VOLUME = {8},
   NUMBER = {2},
   PAGES = {101--105},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{decipherment-a,
   AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard W.},
   TITLE = {Decipherment, Pseudodecipherment and the Phaistos disk},
   BOOKTITLE = {A Workshop on Scripts, Non-scripts and (Pseudo)-decipherment. Abstracts for Talks: Braun Auditorium, Stanford University},
   YEAR = {2007},
   URL = {http://serrano.ai.uiuc.edu/2007Workshop/abstracts.html},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{sproat2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard W.},
   TITLE = {The Use of Corpora in Teaching and Research: Theoretical Preliminaries},
   YEAR = {2008},
   URL = {http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/rws/},
}

@BOOK{taleb2007a,
   AUTHOR = {Taleb, Nassim Nicholas},
   TITLE = {The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable},
   PUBLISHER = {Random House},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2007},
}

@ARTICLE{tarter2000,
   AUTHOR = {Tarter, Donald E.},
   TITLE = {Security Considerations in Signal Detection},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2000},
   VOLUME = {46},
   NUMBER = {10--12},
   PAGES = {725--728},
}

@ARTICLE{tegmark,
   AUTHOR = {Tegmark, Max},
   TITLE = {Parallel Universes},
   JOURNAL = {Scientific American},
   YEAR = {2003},
   VOLUME = {288},
   NUMBER = {5},
   PAGES = {41--51},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{tenn1952a,
   AUTHOR = {Tenn, William},
   EDITOR = {Heinlein, Robert},
   TITLE = {Betelgeuse Bridge},
   BOOKTITLE = {Tomorrow, The Stars},
   PUBLISHER = {Doubleday and Co.},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {1952},
   PAGES = {136--155},
}

@ARTICLE{tipler1980a,
   AUTHOR = {Tipler, Frank J.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Intelligent Beings do not Exist},
   JOURNAL = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society},
   YEAR = {1980},
   VOLUME = {21},
   PAGES = {267--281},
}

@ARTICLE{tomasello2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Tomasello, Michael and Call, Josep},
   TITLE = {Thirty Years of Great Ape Gestures},
   JOURNAL = {Animal Cognition},
   YEAR = {2018},
   VOLUME = {20},
   PAGES = {461--469},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{tredoux2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Tredoux, Gavan},
   TITLE = {Francis Galton on Mars: The `Discontinuous Variation' Notebook. Appendix D.~Telegraphing to Mars},
   YEAR = {2018},
   URL = {http://galton.org/mars/tredoux-2018-galton-on-mars.pdf},
}

@ARTICLE{vakoch1998a,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Constructing Messages to Extraterrestrials: An Exosemiotic Perspective},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {1998},
   VOLUME = {42},
   PAGES = {697--704},
}

@ARTICLE{unknown-p,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {The Conventionality of Pictorial Representation in Interstellar Messages},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2000},
   VOLUME = {46},
   NUMBER = {10--12},
   PAGES = {733--736},
}

@ARTICLE{a-a,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {A Taxonomic Approach to Communicating Maxims in Interstellar Messages},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2011},
   VOLUME = {68},
   NUMBER = {3--4},
   PAGES = {500--511},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{seti-b,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {What's Past is Prologue: Future Messages of Cosmic Evolution},
   BOOKTITLE = {Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: SETI, Past and Present and Paul, Future},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer / Praxis Publishing},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany / Chichester, UK},
   YEAR = {2011},
   PAGES = {373--398},
}

@BOOK{vakoch2014a,
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
}

@BOOK{unknown2014a,
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Extraterrestrial Altruism},
   PUBLISHER = {Springer},
   ADDRESS = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
   YEAR = {2014},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{a-b,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A.},
   TITLE = {Introduction: Reconstructing Distant Civilizations and Encountering Alien Cultures},
   BOOKTITLE = {Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communicationby},
   PUBLISHER = {Office of Communications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration},
   ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
   YEAR = {2014},
   PAGES = {xiii--xxx},
}

@BOOK{vakoch2015a,
   EDITOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A. and Dowd, Matthew F.},
   TITLE = {The Drake Equation: Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life through the Ages},
   PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
   ADDRESS = {Cambridge},
   YEAR = {2015},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{vakoch2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Vakoch, Douglas A. and Matessa, Michael and DeVito, Carl and Kaiser, Andrew},
   TITLE = {A Mathematical and Scientific Message for Active SETI},
   BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 14–22 July 2018, Pasadena, California},
   YEAR = {2018},
   PAGES = {14--22},
   URL = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018cospee{...42}{3485}V/abstract},
}

@ARTICLE{vanderburg-a,
   AUTHOR = {Vanderburg, Andrew and Rowden, Pamela and Bryson, Steve and Coughlin, Jeffrey and Batalha, Natalie and Collins, Karen A. and Latham, David W. and Mullally, Susan E. and Colón, Knicole D. and Henze, Chris and Huang, Chelsea X. and Quinn, Samuel N.},
   TITLE = {A Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet Rescued from False Positive Status},
   JOURNAL = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {893},
   NUMBER = {1},
}

@ARTICLE{de1990a,
   AUTHOR = {de Vito, Carl L. and Oehrle, Richard T.},
   TITLE = {A Language Based on the Fundamental Facts of Science},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of the British Interplanetary Society},
   YEAR = {1990},
   VOLUME = {43},
   NUMBER = {12},
   PAGES = {561--568},
}

@UNPUBLISHED{wall2010a,
   AUTHOR = {Wall, Mike},
   TITLE = {NASA Hasn't Found Alien Life, But Arsenic Microbe Still `Phenomenal'},
   YEAR = {2010},
   URL = {http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-extraterrestrial-life-search-101202.html},
}

@BOOK{ward2005a,
   AUTHOR = {Ward, Peter D.},
   TITLE = {Life as We Do Not Know It: the NASA Search for (and Synthesis of) Alien Life},
   PUBLISHER = {Viking / Penguin Group},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2005},
}

@BOOK{watts2006a,
   AUTHOR = {Watts, Peter},
   TITLE = {Blindsight},
   PUBLISHER = {Thor Books},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2006},
}

@BOOK{webb2002a,
   AUTHOR = {Webb, Stephen},
   TITLE = {If the Universe Is Teaming with Aliens... Where Is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to Fermi's Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life},
   PUBLISHER = {Copernicus},
   ADDRESS = {New York},
   YEAR = {2002},
}

@ARTICLE{westby2020a,
   AUTHOR = {Westby, Tom and Conselice, Christopher J.},
   TITLE = {The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life},
   JOURNAL = {The Astrophysical Journal},
   YEAR = {2020},
   VOLUME = {896},
   NUMBER = {58},
   PAGES = {1--18},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wolfram2018a,
   AUTHOR = {Wolfram, Stephen},
   TITLE = {Showing Off to the Universe: Beacons for the Afterlife of Our Civilization},
   BOOKTITLE = {Writings},
   YEAR = {2018},
   URL = {https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2018/01/showing-off-to-the-universe-beacons-for-the-afterlife-of-our-civilization/},
}

@ARTICLE{wright2014,
   AUTHOR = {Wright, J. T. and Mullan, B. and Sigurðsson, S. and Povich, M.S.},
   TITLE = {The Ĝ Infrared Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations with Large Energy Supplies. I. Background and Justification},
   JOURNAL = {The Astrophysical Journal},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {792},
}

@ARTICLE{zackrisson2016a,
   AUTHOR = {Zackrisson, Erik and Calissendorff, P. and González, J. and Benson, A. and Johansen, A. and Janson, M.},
   TITLE = {Terrestrial Planets across Space and Time},
   JOURNAL = {The Astrophysical Journal},
   YEAR = {2016},
   VOLUME = {833},
   NUMBER = {2},
}

@ARTICLE{zaitsev2008a,
   AUTHOR = {Zaitsev, Alexander L.},
   TITLE = {Sending and Searching for Interstellar Messages},
   JOURNAL = {Acta Astronautica},
   YEAR = {2008},
   VOLUME = {63},
   PAGES = {614--617},
}

@ARTICLE{zaitsev2008b,
   AUTHOR = {Zaitsev, Alexander L.},
   TITLE = {The First Musical Interstellar Radio Message},
   JOURNAL = {Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics},
   YEAR = {2008},
   VOLUME = {53},
   NUMBER = {9},
   PAGES = {1107--1113},
}

@BOOK{zerwick1968a,
   AUTHOR = {Zerwick, C. and Brown, H.},
   TITLE = {The Cassiopeia Affair},
   PUBLISHER = {Doubleday},
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}

@ARTICLE{zoernig2014a,
   AUTHOR = {Zörnig, Peter and Melka, Tomi S.},
   TITLE = {An Ethnographic Study of the Pintaderas of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands): A Measuring Theoretic Approach for Quantifying Symmetry},
   JOURNAL = {Glottometrics},
   YEAR = {2014},
   VOLUME = {29},
   PAGES = {31--58},
}

Tomi S. Melka & Robert M. Schoch (2020), “A Case in Point: Communication With Unknown Intelligence/s,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 4, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 513–559.


@INPROCEEDINGS{gla4-melk,
   AUTHOR = {Tomi S. Melka and Robert M. Schoch},
   EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
   TITLE = {{A~Case in Point: Communication With Unknown Intelligence/s}},
   BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020}},
   SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
   VOLUME = {4},
   PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
   ADDRESS = {Brest},
   YEAR = {2020},
   PAGES = {513--559},
   DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-melk},
}