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A Small Step for a Man, a Giant Leap for a People—The Coptic Language Victoria Fendel  Download (157.19 kB) Abstract. The paper looks at the beginnings of the Coptic alphabet in first- and second-century Egypt from different angles. It reviews and builds on the sometimes-contradictory research from the social perspective while also considering practical challenges for the ancient writers. It explores the relevance of cognitive factors regarding the transition to the first alphabetic writing system for the Egyptian language. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-fend References References in BIB How to cite How to cite in BIB Allen, J. (2013). The ancient Egyptian language: An historical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Asfaha, Y., J. Kurvers, and S. Kroon (2009). “Grain Size in Script and Teaching: Literacy Acquisition in Ge’ez and Latin.” In: Applied Psycholinguistics 30, pp. 709–734. Bagnall, R. (1993). Egypt in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. _____________ (2005). “Linguistic Change and Religious Change: Thinking about the Temples of the Fayoum in the Roman Period.” In: Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004 International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause. Ed. by G. Gabra. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 11–19. Baroni, A. (2011). “Alphabetic vs. Non-alphabetic writing: Linguistic fit and natural tendencies.” In: Rivista Di Linguistica 23.2, pp. 127–159. Bassetti, B. (2016). “Learning second language writing systems.” LLAS—Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies https://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/2662.html. Chappell, H. (1980). “The Romanization Debate.” In: The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 4, pp. 105–118. Choat, M. (2009). “Language and Culture in Late Antique Egypt.” In: A Companion to Late Antiquity. Ed. by P. Rousseau and J. Raithel. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 342–356. _____________ (2012). “Coptic.” In: The Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt. Ed. by C. Riggs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 581–593. Clackson, S. (2010). “Coptic or Greek? Bilingualism in the papyri.” In: The multilingual experience in Egypt: From the Ptolemies to the cAbbasids. Ed. by A. Papaconstantinou. Farnham, Surry, UK: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 73–104. Clarysse, W. (1987). “Greek loan-words in Demotic.” In: Aspects of Demotic lexicography: Acts of the second international conference for Demotic studies. Ed. by S. Vleeming. Leiden: Peeters, pp. 9–33. _____________ (2013). “Determinatives in Greek loan-words and proper names.” In: Aspect of Demotic orthography; Acts of an International colloquium held in Trier. Ed. by S. Vleeming. Peeters. Leiden, pp. 1–24. Crellin, R. (2018). “Measuring ambiguity and the invention of vowel-writing in Greek.” In: Proceedings of International Colloquium of Ancient Greek Linguistics ICAGL 9. Ed. by M. Leiwo, M. Vierros, and H. Halla-aho. Helsinki. Cribiore, R. (2001). Gymnastics of the mind: Greek education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Depauw, M. (1997). A companion to demotic studies. Vol. 28. Papyrologica Bruxellensia. Brussels: Fondation égyptologique reine Élisabeth. _____________ (2009). “Bilingual Greek-Demotic Documentary Papyri and Hellenization in Ptolemaic Egypt.” In: Faces of Hellenism. Studies in the History of the Eastern Mediterranean (4th century BC-5th century AD). Ed. by P. Van Nuffelen. Vol. 48. Studia Hellenistica. Leiden: Peeters, pp. 120–139. _____________ (2012). “Language use, literacy and bilingualism.” In: The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Ed. by C. Riggs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 493–506. Depauw, M. and W. Clarysse (2013). “How Christian was Fourth Century Egypt? Onomastic Perspectives on Conversion.” In: Vigiliae Christianae 67.4, pp. 407–435. Dieleman, J. (2005). Priests, tongues, and rites: The London-Leiden magical manuscripts and translation in Egyptian ritual (100–300 CE). Vol. 153. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Leiden, Boston: Brill. Förster, H. (2002). Wörterbuch der griechischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen Texten. Vol. 148. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Foss, C. (2003). “The Persians in the Roman near East (602–630 AD).” In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 13.2, pp. 149–170. Fournet, J.-L. (2019). The rise of Coptic: Egyptian versus Greek in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Frost, R. (1994). “Prelexical and postlexical strategies in reading: Evidence from a deep and a shallow orthography.” In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20.1, pp. 116–129. Gardiner, A. (1957). Egyptian grammar: Being an introduction to the study of hieroglyphs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 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Carreiras (2018). “Cross-linguistic transfer in bilinguals reading in two alphabetic orthographies: The grain size accommodation hypothesis.” In: Psychon Bulletin Review 25, pp. 386–401. Layton, B. (2011). A Coptic Grammar. Porta Linguarum Orientalium. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Loprieno, A. (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maehler, H. (1983). “Die griechische Schule im ptolemäischen Ägypten.” In: Egypt and the Hellenistic world: Proceedings of the international colloquium Leuven—24–26 May 1982. Ed. by E. van’t Dack, P. van Dessel, and W. van Gucht. Vol. 27. Studia Hellenistica. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 191–203. Matras, Y. (2009). Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. _____________ (2015). “Why is the borrowing of inflectional morphology dispreferred?” In: Borrowed Morphology. Ed. by F. Gardani, P. Arkadiev, and N. Amiridze. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ockinga, B. (2012). A concise grammar of Middle Egyptian: An outline of Middle Egyptian grammar. 3rd ed. Mainz, Germany: Philipp Von Zabern. Oréal, E. (1999). “Contact linguistique. Le cas du rapport entre le grec et le copte.” In: Lalies 19, pp. 289–306. Perfetti, C. and S. Dunlap (2008). “Learning to read: General principles and writing system variations.” In: Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in Firstand Second-Language Literacy Development. Ed. by K. Koda and A. Zehler. Abington-on-Thames: Routledge, pp. 13–38. Perfetti, C. and L. Verhoeven (2017). “Introduction: Operating Principles in Learning to Read.” In: Learning to Read across Languages and Writing Systems. Ed. by C. Perfetti and L. Verhoeven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–30. Quack, J. (2017a). “How the Coptic script came about.” In: Greek influence on Egyptian-Coptic. Ed. by E. Grossman et al. Vol. 17. Lingua Aegyptia. 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Goswami (2005). “Reading Acquisition, Developmental Dyslexia, and Skilled Reading Across Languages: A Psycholinguistic Grain Size Theory.” In: Psychological Bulletin 131.1, pp. 3–29. @BOOK{allen2013a, AUTHOR = {Allen, J.}, TITLE = {The ancient Egyptian language: An historical study}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2013}, } @ARTICLE{asfaha2009a, AUTHOR = {Asfaha, Y. and Kurvers, J. and Kroon, S.}, TITLE = {Grain Size in Script and Teaching: Literacy Acquisition in Ge'ez and Latin}, JOURNAL = {Applied Psycholinguistics}, YEAR = {2009}, VOLUME = {30}, PAGES = {709--734}, } @BOOK{bagnall1993a, AUTHOR = {Bagnall, R.}, TITLE = {Egypt in late antiquity}, PUBLISHER = {Princeton University Press}, ADDRESS = {Princeton}, YEAR = {1993}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{bagnall2005a, AUTHOR = {Bagnall, R.}, EDITOR = {Gabra, G.}, TITLE = {Linguistic Change and Religious Change: Thinking about the Temples of the Fayoum in the Roman Period}, BOOKTITLE = {Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004 International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause}, PUBLISHER = {American University in Cairo Press}, ADDRESS = {Cairo}, YEAR = {2005}, PAGES = {11--19}, } @ARTICLE{baroni2011a, AUTHOR = {Baroni, A.}, TITLE = {Alphabetic vs.\ Non-alphabetic writing: Linguistic fit and natural tendencies}, JOURNAL = {Rivista Di Linguistica}, YEAR = {2011}, VOLUME = {23}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {127--159}, } @UNPUBLISHED{bassetti, AUTHOR = {Bassetti, B.}, TITLE = {Learning second language writing systems}, YEAR = {2016}, NOTE = {LLAS---Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies \url{https://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/2662.html}}, } @ARTICLE{chappell1980a, AUTHOR = {Chappell, H.}, TITLE = {The Romanization Debate}, JOURNAL = {The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs}, YEAR = {1980}, VOLUME = {4}, PAGES = {105--118}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{choat2009a, AUTHOR = {Choat, M.}, EDITOR = {Rousseau, P. and Raithel, J.}, TITLE = {Language and Culture in Late Antique Egypt}, BOOKTITLE = {A Companion to Late Antiquity}, PUBLISHER = {John Wiley \& Sons}, ADDRESS = {Chicester}, YEAR = {2009}, PAGES = {342--356}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{choat2012a, AUTHOR = {Choat, M.}, EDITOR = {Riggs, C.}, TITLE = {Coptic}, BOOKTITLE = {The Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2012}, PAGES = {581--593}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{clackson2010a, AUTHOR = {Clackson, S.}, EDITOR = {Papaconstantinou, A.}, TITLE = {Coptic or Greek? 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H.}, EDITOR = {van't Dack, E. and van Dessel, P. and van Gucht, W.}, TITLE = {Die griechische Schule im ptolemäischen Ägypten}, BOOKTITLE = {Egypt and the Hellenistic world: Proceedings of the international colloquium Leuven---24--26 May 1982}, SERIES = {Studia Hellenistica}, PUBLISHER = {Peeters}, ADDRESS = {Leuven}, YEAR = {1983}, VOLUME = {27}, PAGES = {191--203}, } @BOOK{matras2009a, AUTHOR = {Matras, Y.}, TITLE = {Language contact}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2009}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{matras2015a, AUTHOR = {Matras, Y.}, EDITOR = {Gardani, F. and Arkadiev, P. and Amiridze, N.}, TITLE = {Why is the borrowing of inflectional morphology dispreferred?}, BOOKTITLE = {Borrowed Morphology}, PUBLISHER = {Mouton de Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin}, YEAR = {2015}, } @BOOK{ockinga2012a, AUTHOR = {Ockinga, B.}, TITLE = {A concise grammar of Middle Egyptian: An outline of Middle Egyptian grammar}, EDITION = {3}, PUBLISHER = {Philipp Von Zabern}, ADDRESS = {Mainz, Germany}, YEAR = {2012}, } @ARTICLE{or1999a, AUTHOR = {Oréal, E.}, TITLE = {Contact linguistique. Le cas du rapport entre le grec et le copte}, JOURNAL = {Lalies}, YEAR = {1999}, VOLUME = {19}, PAGES = {289--306}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{perfetti2008a, AUTHOR = {Perfetti, C. and Dunlap, S.}, EDITOR = {Koda, K. and Zehler, A.}, TITLE = {Learning to read: General principles and writing system variations}, BOOKTITLE = {Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in Firstand Second-Language Literacy Development}, PUBLISHER = {Routledge}, ADDRESS = {Abington-on-Thames}, YEAR = {2008}, PAGES = {13--38}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{perfetti2017a, AUTHOR = {Perfetti, C. and Verhoeven, L.}, EDITOR = {Perfetti, C. and Verhoeven, L.}, TITLE = {Introduction: Operating Principles in Learning to Read}, BOOKTITLE = {Learning to Read across Languages and Writing Systems}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2017}, PAGES = {1--30}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{quack2017a, AUTHOR = {Quack, J.}, EDITOR = {Grossman, E. and Dils, P. and Richter, T. and Schenkel, W.}, TITLE = {How the Coptic script came about}, BOOKTITLE = {Greek influence on Egyptian-Coptic}, SERIES = {Lingua Aegyptia}, PUBLISHER = {Widmaier}, ADDRESS = {Hamburg}, YEAR = {2017}, VOLUME = {17}, PAGES = {27--96}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{quack2017b, AUTHOR = {Quack, J.}, EDITOR = {Cromwell, J. and Grossman, E.}, TITLE = {On the Regionalization of Roman-Period Egyptian Hands}, BOOKTITLE = {Scribal Repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the Early Islamic Period}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2017}, PAGES = {184--211}, } @ARTICLE{ray1994a, AUTHOR = {Ray, J.}, TITLE = {How demotic is Demotic?}, JOURNAL = {Egitto e Vicino Oriente}, YEAR = {1994}, VOLUME = {17}, PAGES = {251--264}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{richter2009a, AUTHOR = {Richter, T.}, EDITOR = {Cotton, H.}, TITLE = {Greek, Coptic and the `language of the Hijra': The rise and decline of the Coptic language in late antique and medieval Egypt}, BOOKTITLE = {From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2009}, PAGES = {401--446}, } @ARTICLE{saenger2011a, AUTHOR = {Sänger, P.}, TITLE = {The Administration of Sasanian Egypt: New Masters and Byzantine Continuity}, JOURNAL = {Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies}, YEAR = {2011}, VOLUME = {51}, NUMBER = {4}, PAGES = {653--665}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{stadler2008a, AUTHOR = {Stadler, M.}, EDITOR = {Baines, J. and Bennett, J. and Houston, S.}, TITLE = {On the Demise of Egyptian Writing. Working on a Problematic Source Basis}, BOOKTITLE = {The Disappearance of Writing Systems: Perspectives on literacy and communication}, PUBLISHER = {Equinox}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2008}, PAGES = {157--181}, } @BOOK{thomason2001a, AUTHOR = {Thomason, S.}, TITLE = {Language contact}, PUBLISHER = {Edinburgh University Press}, ADDRESS = {Edinburgh}, YEAR = {2001}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{thompson2009a, AUTHOR = {Thompson, D.}, EDITOR = {Bagnall, R.}, TITLE = {The multilingual environment of Persian and Ptolemaic Egypt: Egyptian, Aramaic and Greek documentation}, BOOKTITLE = {The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2009}, PAGES = {395--417}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{torallas2004a, AUTHOR = {Torallas Tovar, S.}, EDITOR = {Sijpesteijn, P. and Sundelin, L.}, TITLE = {Egyptian lexical interference in the Greek of Byzantine and early Islamic Egypt}, BOOKTITLE = {Papyrology and the history of early Islamic Egypt}, SERIES = {Islamic history and civilization}, PUBLISHER = {Brill}, ADDRESS = {Leiden}, YEAR = {2004}, VOLUME = {55}, PAGES = {163--198}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{torallas2004b, AUTHOR = {Torallas Tovar, S.}, EDITOR = {Bádenas de la Pena, P. and Torallas Tovar, S. and Luján, E. and Ángeles Gallego, M.}, TITLE = {The context of loanwords in Egyptian Greek}, BOOKTITLE = {Lenguas en contacto: El testimonio escrito}, SERIES = {Manuales y anejos de “Emerita”}, PUBLISHER = {Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas}, ADDRESS = {Madrid}, YEAR = {2004}, VOLUME = {46}, PAGES = {57--67}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{torallas2007a, AUTHOR = {Torallas Tovar, S.}, EDITOR = {Palme, B.}, TITLE = {Egyptian loanwords in Septuaginta and the papyri}, BOOKTITLE = {Akten des 23. Internationalen Papyrologenkongresses, Wien}, PUBLISHER = {Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften}, ADDRESS = {Wien}, YEAR = {2007}, PAGES = {687--692}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{torallas2017a, AUTHOR = {Torallas Tovar, S.}, EDITOR = {Grossman, E. and Dils, P. and Richter, T. and Schenkel, W.}, TITLE = {The Reverse Case: Egyptian Borrowing in Greek}, BOOKTITLE = {Greek Influence on Egyptian Coptic: Contact induced change in an ancient African language}, SERIES = {Lingua Aegyptia}, PUBLISHER = {Widmaier}, ADDRESS = {Hamburg}, YEAR = {2017}, VOLUME = {17}, PAGES = {97--113}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{torallas2019a, AUTHOR = {Torallas Tovar, S. and Vierros, M.}, EDITOR = {Vandorpe, K.}, TITLE = {Languages, Scripts, Literature, and Bridges Between Cultures}, BOOKTITLE = {A Companion to Graeco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt}, PUBLISHER = {Wiley Blackwell}, ADDRESS = {Chichester}, YEAR = {2019}, PAGES = {483--499}, } @BOOK{unwin2007a, AUTHOR = {Unwin, L. and Hughes, J. and Jewson, N.}, TITLE = {Communities of practice: Critical perspectives}, PUBLISHER = {Routledge}, ADDRESS = {London}, YEAR = {2007}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{van2007a, AUTHOR = {van~Minnen, P.}, EDITOR = {Bagnall, R.}, TITLE = {The other cities in Later Roman Egypt}, BOOKTITLE = {Egypt in the Byzantine world}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2007}, PAGES = {300--700}, } @BOOK{vierros2012a, AUTHOR = {Vierros, M.}, TITLE = {Bilingual notaries in Hellenistic Egypt: A study of Greek as a second language}, SERIES = {Collectanea Hellenistica}, PUBLISHER = {Peeters}, ADDRESS = {Leiden}, YEAR = {2012}, VOLUME = {5}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{werning2016a, AUTHOR = {Werning, D.}, EDITOR = {Allen, J. and Collier, M. and Stauder, A.}, TITLE = {Hypotheses on glides and matres lectionis in earlier Egyptian orthographies}, BOOKTITLE = {Coping with obscurity: The Brown workshop on earlier Egyptian grammar}, SERIES = {Wilbour Studies in Egyptology and Assyriology}, PUBLISHER = {Lockwood Press}, ADDRESS = {Atlanta, GA}, YEAR = {2016}, VOLUME = {4}, PAGES = {29--44}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{wipszycka2007a, AUTHOR = {Wipszycka, E.}, EDITOR = {Bagnall, R.}, TITLE = {The institutional church}, BOOKTITLE = {Egypt in the Byzantine world}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2007}, PAGES = {300--700}, } @ARTICLE{ziegler2005a, AUTHOR = {Ziegler, J. and Goswami, U.}, TITLE = {Reading Acquisition, Developmental Dyslexia, and Skilled Reading Across Languages: A Psycholinguistic Grain Size Theory}, JOURNAL = {Psychological Bulletin}, YEAR = {2005}, VOLUME = {131}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {3--29}, } Victoria Fendel (2020), “A Small Step for a Man, a Giant Leap for a People—The Coptic Language,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 5, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 775–786. @INPROCEEDINGS{gla5-fend, AUTHOR = {Victoria Fendel}, EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{A~Small Step for a Man, a Giant Leap for a People---The Coptic Language}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020}}, SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}}, VOLUME = {5}, PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions}, ADDRESS = {Brest}, YEAR = {2020}, PAGES = {775--786}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-fend}, }