Challenging the Dichotomy Between Phonography and Morphography: Transitions and Gray Areas Sven Osterkamp & Gordian Schreiber Download (1.45 MB)
Abstract. Traditionally, glottographic writing is divided into the two fundamental categories of phonographic and (logo-, or increasingly) morphographic writing, each with further more fine-grained subdivisions where necessary. In recent decades, various revisions to the earlier either/or approach have been proposed, leading to more flexible typological models that, e.g., allow for a mixture of different types of phonography with different amounts of morphography in a given writing system. While it is thus common to acknowledge the mixed nature of writing systems as a whole, graphs or strings of graphs forming functional units (such as digraphs) are nevertheless typically assigned to either of the two basic typological categories. On closer scrutiny, however, there is an abundance of cases challenging this strict dichotomy on the level of graphs. Having reviewed the different notions of logo- or morphography found in the literature, this paper revisits the fundamental distinction between phonography and morphography in writing systems, drawing upon cases from the following areas: First, we will address transitions from morphograms to phonograms as well as from phonograms to morphograms. The dividing line between morphograms and phonograms is, however, not always easy to draw, thus leading us to gray areas and indeterminable cases. Finally, we will have a closer look at semantically motivated phonograms, as even in phonography the level of semantics is not necessarily irrelevant altogether.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-oste
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PAGES = {1--22},
}
@ARTICLE{mora-mar2003a,
AUTHOR = {Mora-Marín, David F.},
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YEAR = {2003},
VOLUME = {6},
PAGES = {193--238},
}
@BOOK{omodaka1967a,
AUTHOR = {Omodaka, Hisataka},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {澤瀉久孝},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan},
TITLE = {{\japanese 時代別国語大辞典上代編} [Great Dictionary of the Japanese Language by Periods: Old Japanese]},
PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 三省堂} [Sanseidō]},
ADDRESS = {{\japanese 東京} [Tōkyō]},
YEAR = {1967},
}
@ARTICLE{no1957a,
AUTHOR = {Ōno, Tōru},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {大野透},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan},
TITLE = {{\japanese 義字的假名に就て--萬葉集を中心として} [On semantically motivated phonograms, focusing on the mph{Man'yōshū}]},
JOURNAL = {{\japanese 国語国文} [Japanese Language and Literature]},
YEAR = {1957},
VOLUME = {26},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {43--56},
}
@BOOK{no1977a,
AUTHOR = {Ōno, Tōru},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {大野透},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan},
TITLE = {{\japanese 續萬葉假名の硏究} [A Study of Old Japanese Phonograms, Continued]},
PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 高山本店} [Takayama honten]},
ADDRESS = {{\japanese 東京} [Tōkyō]},
YEAR = {1977},
}
@ARTICLE{osterkamp2008a,
AUTHOR = {Osterkamp, Sven},
TITLE = {Official Regulations and Unwritten Rules for Place Name Spellings in 8th to 10th-century Japan: A Conspectus of their Consequences and Side-effects},
JOURNAL = {Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung},
YEAR = {2008},
VOLUME = {31},
PAGES = {213--244},
}
@ARTICLE{osteforth,
AUTHOR = {Osterkamp, Sven and Gordian Schreiber},
TITLE = {
e Ubiity of Polygray and its Significan for
e Typology of iti Systems},
JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy},
YEAR = {forthcoming},
}
@ARTICLE{popescu2004a,
AUTHOR = {Popescu, Florin},
TITLE = {{\japanese 「講義要綱」における合字本語について} [On the ligatures for Western words in the Jesuit mph{Compendia}]},
JOURNAL = {{\japanese 京都大学國文學論叢} [Kyōto University Review of Japanese Literature]},
YEAR = {2004},
VOLUME = {12},
PAGES = {1--23},
}
@BOOK{pulleyblank1991a,
AUTHOR = {Pulleyblank, Edwin G.},
TITLE = {Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin},
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ADDRESS = {Vancouver},
YEAR = {1991},
}
@ARTICLE{rickmeyer1986a,
AUTHOR = {Rickmeyer, Jens},
TITLE = {Zur Negation im Japanischen},
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YEAR = {1986},
VOLUME = {9},
PAGES = {197--216},
}
@BOOK{rogers2005b,
AUTHOR = {Rogers, Henry},
TITLE = {Writing Systems. A Linguistic Approach},
PUBLISHER = {Blackwell},
ADDRESS = {Malden},
YEAR = {2005},
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@BOOK{sampson1985a,
AUTHOR = {Sampson, Geoffrey},
TITLE = {Writing Systems. A Linguistic Introduction},
PUBLISHER = {Hutchinson},
ADDRESS = {London},
YEAR = {1985},
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@BOOK{sampson2015b,
AUTHOR = {Sampson, Geoffrey},
TITLE = {Writing Systems},
EDITION = {2},
PUBLISHER = {Equinox},
ADDRESS = {Sheffield},
YEAR = {2015},
}
@ARTICLE{schmalz2015a,
AUTHOR = {Schmalz, Xenia and others},
TITLE = {Getting to the bottom of orthographic depth},
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VOLUME = {22},
PAGES = {1614--1629},
}
@BOOK{schreiberforth,
AUTHOR = {Schreiber, Gordian},
TITLE = {Japanese Morphography: Deconstructing `hentai kanbun'},
PUBLISHER = {Brill},
YEAR = {forthcoming},
}
@ARTICLE{shaked1993a,
AUTHOR = {Shaked, Shaul},
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@ARTICLE{sproat2013,
AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard},
TITLE = {A note on Unger's ‘What linguistic units do Chinese characters represent?'},
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YEAR = {2013},
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {107--111},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{sproat2016a,
AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard},
EDITOR = {Cook, Vivian and Ryan, Des},
TITLE = {English among the world's writing systems},
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YEAR = {2016},
PAGES = {27--40},
}
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AUTHOR = {Taylor, Insup and Taylor, Martin M.},
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AUTHOR = {Tranter, Nicolas},
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VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {1--31},
}
@BOOK{unger2004a,
AUTHOR = {Unger, Marshall J.},
TITLE = {Ideogram. Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning},
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ADDRESS = {Honolulu},
YEAR = {2004},
}
@ARTICLE{unger2011a,
AUTHOR = {Unger, Marshall J.},
TITLE = {What linguistic units do Chinese characters represent?},
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NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {293--302},
}
@BOOK{vigenere,
AUTHOR = {Vigenère, Blaise de},
TITLE = {Traicté des chiffres, ou secretes manieres d'escrire},
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AUTHOR = {Wenck, Günther},
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@INPROCEEDINGS{hogan2011a,
AUTHOR = {Whittaker, Gordon},
EDITOR = {Hogan, Patrick Colm},
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@ARTICLE{wittkamp2009a,
AUTHOR = {Wittkamp, Robert F.},
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PAGES = {251--270},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{yoshida2001a,
AUTHOR = {Yoshida, Yutaka},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {吉田豊},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan},
EDITOR = {Rokurō Kōno and Chino, Eiichi and Nishida, Tatsuo},
EDITOR_ORIGINAL = {河野六郎 and 千野栄一 and 西田龍雄},
EDITOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan;2=ja-Jpan;3=ja-Jpan},
TITLE = {{\japanese ソグド文字} [Sogdian script]},
BOOKTITLE = {{\japanese 世界文字辞典} [Encyclopedia of the World's Writing Systems]},
PUBLISHER = {{\japanese 三省堂} [Sanseidō]},
ADDRESS = {{\japanese 東京} [Tōkyō]},
YEAR = {2001},
PAGES = {551--555},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{yoshida2013a,
AUTHOR = {Yoshida, Yutaka},
EDITOR = {Matteo de Chiara and Maggi, Mauro and Martini, Giulana},
TITLE = {Buddhist Texts Produced by the Sogdians in China},
BOOKTITLE = {Buddhism Among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia},
SERIES = {Multilingualism and History of Knowledge},
PUBLISHER = {Austrian Academy of Sciences Press},
ADDRESS = {Vienna},
YEAR = {2013},
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {155--179},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{yoshida2016a,
AUTHOR = {Yoshida, Yutaka},
TITLE = {Sogdian Language I.~Description},
BOOKTITLE = {Encyclopædia Iranica},
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YEAR = {2016},
URL = {http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdian-language-01},
}
@ARTICLE{yoshioka2019a,
AUTHOR = {Yoshioka, Mayumi},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL = {吉岡真由美},
AUTHOR_ORIGINAL+AN = {1=ja-Jpan},
TITLE = {{\japanese 『萬葉集』における〈漢字〉の用法:単音節・多音節の訓仮名字母について} [On the usage of sinograms in the mph{Man'yōshū}: Characters used as monosyllabic or polysyllabic mph{kungana}]},
JOURNAL = {{\japanese 同志社日本語研究} [Dōshisha Studies in Japanese Linguistics]},
YEAR = {2019},
VOLUME = {22},
PAGES = {25--37},
}
@MASTERSTHESIS{zender1999a,
AUTHOR = {Zender, Marc Uwe},
TITLE = {Diacritical Marks and Underspelling in the Classic Maya Script: Implications for Decipherment},
SCHOOL = {University of Calgary},
YEAR = {1999},
}
Sven Osterkamp & Gordian Schreiber (2020), “Challenging the Dichotomy Between Phonography and Morphography: Transitions and Gray Areas,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 4, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 47–82.
@INPROCEEDINGS{gla4-oste,
AUTHOR = {Sven Osterkamp and Gordian Schreiber},
EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis},
TITLE = {{Challenging the Dichotomy Between Phonography and Morphography: Transitions and Gray Areas}},
BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020}},
SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}},
VOLUME = {4},
PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions},
ADDRESS = {Brest},
YEAR = {2020},
PAGES = {47--82},
DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-oste},
}
ISSN: 2534-5192 (electronic) – 2681-8566 (print)
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& Gordian Schreiber