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What Is a Written Word? And if So, How Many? Martin Evertz-Rittich  Download (352.87 kB) Abstract. The linguistic unit word seems to be an intuitive notion for language users. However, linguists have failed so far to provide a uniform definition of that unit. Instead, there are definitions pertaining to different subsystems of language. In this paper, we will discuss how we can define the unit word in writing. We will start by examining definitions of the graphematic word in alphabetical writing systems such as German and English. We will then discuss how the written word relates to other suprasegmental units in writing systems, such as the syllable and the foot, and to which spoken unit or units a written word corresponds to. Finally, we will show that the discussed definitions of the graphematic word are not employable universally since in alphabetical writing systems definitions of the graphematic word pertain to interword spacing. By examining the Chinese and Japanese writing systems as examples, we will try to explain why these writing systems do not mark words by spaces and discuss whether there are graphematic words in these writing systems. Based on these considerations we will provide a tentative universal definition of graphematic words. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-ever References References in BIB How to cite How to cite in BIB Bai, Xuejun et al. (2008). “Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text: Evidence from eye movements.” In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34, pp. 1277–1287. Bredel, Ursula (2008). Die Interpunktion des Deutschen. Ein kompositionelles System zur Online-Steuerung des Lesens. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. _____________ (2011). Interpunktion. Heidelberg: Winter. Bunčić, Daniel (2004). “The apostrophe: A neglected and misunderstood reading aid.” In: Written Language and Literacy 7.2, pp. 185–204. Butt, Matthias and Peter Eisenberg (1990). “Schreibsilbe und Sprechsilbe.” In: Zu einer Theorie der Orthographie. Ed. by Christian Stetter. Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 33–64. Chen, May Jane (1996). “An overview of the characteristics of the Chinese writing system.” In: Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing 1.1, pp. 43–54. Cook, Vivian (2004). The English Writing System. London: Routledge. Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell. Domahs, Frank, Ria de Bleser, and Peter Eisenberg (2001). “Silbische Aspekte segmentalen Schreibens – neurolinguistische Evidenz.” In: Linguistische Berichte 185, pp. 13–30. Eisenberg, Peter (2006). Grundriß der deutschen Grammatik. Bd. 1: Das Wort. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. Evertz, Martin (2016a). “Graphematischer Fuß und graphematisches Wort.” In: Laut – Gebärde – Buchstabe. Ed. by Beatrice Primus and Ulrike Domahs. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, pp. 377–397. _____________ (2016b). “Minimal graphematic words in English and German. Lexical evidence for a theory of graphematic feet.” In: Written Language & Literacy 19.2, pp. 189–211. _____________ (2018). Visual Prosody—The graphematic foot in English and German. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. _____________ (2019). “The History of the Graphematic Foot in English and German.” In: Graphemics in the 21st Century. Ed. by Yannis Haralambous. Brest: Fluxus Editions, pp. 27–40. Evertz, Martin and Beatrice Primus (2013). “The graphematic foot in English and German.” In: Writing Systems Research 5.1, pp. 1–23. Fuhrhop, Nanna (2008). “Das graphematische Wort (im Deutschen): Eine erste Annäherung.” In: Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 27, pp. 189–228. Fuhrhop, Nanna and Joerg Peters (2013). Einführung in die Phonologie und Graphematik. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler. Gallmann, Peter (1999). “Wortbegriff und Nomen-Verb-Verbindungen.” In: Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 18.2, pp. 269–304. Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). English phonology: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Henderson, Leslie (1985). “On the use of the term ‘grapheme’.” In: Language and Cognitive Processes 1.2, pp. 135–148. Hoosain, Rumjahn (1992). “Psychological reality of the word in Chinese.” In: Advances in psychology 90: Language processing in Chinese. Ed. by Hsuan-Chih Chen and Ovid J.L. Tzeng. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 111–130. Inhoff, Albrecht W. et al. (1997). “Use of spatial information during the reading of Chinese text.” In: Cognitive research on Chinese language. Jinan: Shan Dong Educational Publishing, pp. 296–329. Jacobs, Joachim (2005). Spatien. Zum System der Getrennt- und Zusammenschreibung im heutigen Deutsch. Berlin: De Gruyter. Joyce, Terry (2011). “The significance of the morphographic principle for the classification of writing systems.” In: Written Language & Literacy 14.1, pp. 58–81. Joyce, Terry, Bor Hodošček, and Kikuko Nishina (2012). “Orthographic representation and variation within the Japanese writing system: Some corpus-based observations.” In: Written Language & Literacy 15.2, pp. 254–278. Joyce, Terry and Hisashi Masuda (2016). “Just mixed up or a pretty neat idea? Some reflections on the multi-script nature of the Japanese writing system.” In: Understanding writing systems: From core issues to implications for written language acquisition’—10th International Workshop on Written Language and Literacy. Radboud University, Nijmegen. _____________ (2018). “Introduction to the multi-script Japanese writing system and word processing.” In: Writing Systems, Reading Processes, and Cross-Linguistic Influences: Reflections from the Chinese, Japanese and Korean Languages. John Benjamins, pp. 179–200. Kajii, Natsumi, Tatjana A. Nazir, and Naoyuki Osaka (2001). “Eye movement control in reading unspaced text: the case of theJapanese script.” In: Vision Research 41, pp. 2503–2510. Kohrt, Manfred (1985). Problemgeschichte des Graphembegriffs und des frühen Phonembegriffs. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Li, X. and W. Shen (2013). “Joint effect of insertion of spaces and word length in saccade target selection in Chinese reading.” In: Journal of Research in Reading 36.1, pp. 64–77. Li, Xingshan et al. (2015). “The role of words in Chinese reading.” In: Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of reading. Ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 232–244. Liu, P. and X. Li (2014). “Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently: Evidence from eye movements.” In: British Journal of Psychology 105, pp. 57–68. McCarthy, John J. and Alan Prince (1995). “Faithfulness and reduplicative identity.” In: University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory. Ed. by Jill Beckman, Laura Dickey, and Suzanne Urbanczyk. Amherst: GLSA, pp. 249–384. Meng, Yuxian et al. (2019). “Is Word Segmentation Necessary for Deep Learning of ChineseRepresentations?” In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 3242–3252. Nespor, Marina and Irene Vogel (1986). Prosodic Phonology. Fordrecht: Foris. Osaka, Naoyuki (1989). “Eye fixation and saccade during kana and kanji textreading: comparison of English and Japanese text processing.” In: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27, pp. 548–550. _____________ (1992). “Size of saccade and fixation duration of eye movements during reading: psychophysics of Japanese text processing.” In: Journal of the Optical Society of America A 9.1, pp. 5–13. Packard, Jerome L. (1998). “Introduction.” In: New approaches to Chinese word formation: Morphology, phonology and the lexicon in modern and ancient Chinese. Ed. by Jerome L. Packard. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 1–34. _____________ (2000). The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Primus, Beatrice (2003). “Zum Silbenbegriff in der Schrift-, Laut- und Gebärdensprache – Versuch einer mediumübergreifenden Fundierung.” In: Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 22, pp. 3–55. _____________ (2010). “Strukturelle Grundlagen des deutschen Schriftsystems.” In: Schriftsystem und Schrifterwerb: linguistisch – didaktisch – empirisch. Ed. by Ursula Bredel, Astrid Müller, and Gabriele Hinney. Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 9–45. Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms., Rutgers University (= Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science Technical Report 2). Ratcliffe, Robert R. (2001). “What do “phonemic” writing systems represent?” In: Written Language & Literacy 4.1, pp. 1–14. Rogers, Henry (2005). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. Rollings, Andrew G. (2004). The spelling patterns of English. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. Roubah, Aïcha and Marcus Taft (2001). “The functional role of syllabic structure in French visual word recognition.” In: Memory & Cognition 29, pp. 373–381. Ryan, Des (2018). “Principles of English spelling formation.” PhD thesis. Trinity College Dublin. Sainio, Miia et al. (2007). “The role of interword spacing in reading Japanese: An eye movement study.” In: Vision Research 47, pp. 2575–2584. Schiering, René, Balthasar Bickel, and Kristine E. Hildebrandt (2010). “The prosodic word is not universal, but emergent.” In: Journal of Linguistics 46.3, pp. 657–709. Sproat, Richard (2010). Language, technology and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Taylor, John R. (2015). “Introduction.” In: Oxford Handbook of the Word. Ed. by John R. Taylor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–23. Weingarten, Rüdiger (2004). “Die Silbe im Schreibprozess und im Schriftspracherwerb.” In: Schriftspracherwerb und Orthographie. Ed. by Ursula Bredel, Gesa Siebert-Ott, and Tobias Thelen. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider, pp. 6–21. Wurzel, Wolfgang Ulrich (2000). “Was ist ein Wort?” In: Deutsche Grammatik in Theorie und Praxis. Ed. by Rolf Thieroff et al. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Zhang, S. (1985). “On some problems with Chinese phonetic writing orthography.” In: Chinese Phonetic Writing Group, pp. 61–66. Zifonun, Gisela, Ludger Hoffmann, and Bruno Strecker, eds. (1997). Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. @ARTICLE{Bai2008, AUTHOR = {Bai, Xuejun and Yan, Guoli and Liversedge, Si P. and Zang, C. and Rayner, K.}, TITLE = {{Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text: Evidence from eye movements}}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance}, YEAR = {2008}, VOLUME = {34}, PAGES = {1277--1287}, } @BOOK{Bredel2008, AUTHOR = {Bredel, Ursula}, TITLE = {{Die Interpunktion des Deutschen. Ein kompositionelles System zur Online-Steuerung des Lesens}}, PUBLISHER = {Max Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {Tübingen}, YEAR = {2008}, } @BOOK{Bredel2011, AUTHOR = {Bredel, Ursula}, TITLE = {Interpunktion}, PUBLISHER = {Winter}, ADDRESS = {Heidelberg}, YEAR = {2011}, } @ARTICLE{Buncic2004, AUTHOR = {Bunčić, Daniel}, TITLE = {{The apostrophe: A neglected and misunderstood reading aid}}, JOURNAL = {Written Language and Literacy}, YEAR = {2004}, VOLUME = {7}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {185--204}, } @INCOLLECTION{Butt1990, AUTHOR = {Butt, Matthias and Eisenberg, Peter}, EDITOR = {Stetter, Christian}, TITLE = {{Schreibsilbe und Sprechsilbe}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Zu einer Theorie der Orthographie}}, PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {T\"ubingen}, YEAR = {1990}, PAGES = {33--64}, } @ARTICLE{Chen1996, AUTHOR = {Chen, May Jane}, TITLE = {{An overview of the characteristics of the Chinese writing system}}, JOURNAL = {Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing}, YEAR = {1996}, VOLUME = {1}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {43--54}, } @BOOK{Cook2004, AUTHOR = {Cook, Vivian}, TITLE = {{The English Writing System}}, PUBLISHER = {Routledge}, ADDRESS = {London}, YEAR = {2004}, } @BOOK{Coulmas1996, AUTHOR = {Coulmas, Florian}, TITLE = {{The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems}}, PUBLISHER = {Blackwell}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {1996}, } @ARTICLE{Domahs2001, AUTHOR = {Domahs, Frank and de Bleser, Ria and Eisenberg, Peter}, TITLE = {{Silbische Aspekte segmentalen Schreibens -- neurolinguistische Evidenz}}, JOURNAL = {{Linguistische Berichte}}, YEAR = {2001}, VOLUME = {185}, PAGES = {13--30}, } @BOOK{Eisenberg2006, AUTHOR = {Eisenberg, Peter}, TITLE = {{Grundri\ss ~der deutschen Grammatik. Bd. 1: Das Wort}}, EDITION = {3}, PUBLISHER = {J.B.~Metzler}, ADDRESS = {Stuttgart}, YEAR = {2006}, } @INCOLLECTION{Evertz2016a, AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin}, EDITOR = {Primus, Beatrice and Ulrike Domahs}, TITLE = {{Graphematischer Fuß und graphematisches Wort}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Laut -- Gebärde -- Buchstabe}}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin/New York}, YEAR = {2016}, PAGES = {377--397}, } @ARTICLE{Evertz2016b, AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin}, TITLE = {{Minimal graphematic words in English and German. Lexical evidence for a theory of graphematic feet.}}, JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy}, YEAR = {2016}, VOLUME = {19}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {189--211}, } @BOOK{Evertz2018, AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin}, TITLE = {{Visual Prosody---The graphematic foot in English and German}}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin, New York}, YEAR = {2018}, } @INCOLLECTION{Evertz2019, AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin}, EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{The History of the Graphematic Foot in English and German}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Graphemics in the 21st Century}}, PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions}, ADDRESS = {Brest}, YEAR = {2019}, PAGES = {27--40}, } @ARTICLE{Evertz2013, AUTHOR = {Evertz, Martin and Primus, Beatrice}, TITLE = {{The graphematic foot in English and German}}, JOURNAL = {{Writing Systems Research}}, YEAR = {2013}, VOLUME = {5}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {1--23}, } @ARTICLE{Fuhrhop2008, AUTHOR = {Fuhrhop, Nanna}, TITLE = {{Das graphematische Wort (im Deutschen): Eine erste Annäherung}}, JOURNAL = {{Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft}}, YEAR = {2008}, VOLUME = {27}, PAGES = {189--228}, } @BOOK{Fuhrhop2013, AUTHOR = {Fuhrhop, Nanna and Peters, Joerg}, TITLE = {{Einf\"uhrung in die Phonologie und Graphematik}}, PUBLISHER = {J.~B. Metzler}, ADDRESS = {Stuttgart}, YEAR = {2013}, } @ARTICLE{Gallmann1999, AUTHOR = {Gallmann, Peter}, TITLE = {{Wortbegriff und Nomen-Verb-Verbindungen}}, JOURNAL = {{Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft}}, YEAR = {1999}, VOLUME = {18}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {269--304}, } @BOOK{Giegerich1992, AUTHOR = {Giegerich, Heinz J.}, TITLE = {{English phonology: An introduction}}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {1992}, } @ARTICLE{Henderson1985, AUTHOR = {Leslie Henderson}, TITLE = {On the use of the term `grapheme'}, JOURNAL = {Language and Cognitive Processes}, YEAR = {1985}, VOLUME = {1}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {135--148}, } @INCOLLECTION{Hoosain1992, AUTHOR = {Hoosain, Rumjahn}, EDITOR = {Hsuan-Chih Chen and Ovid J.L.~Tzeng}, TITLE = {{Psychological reality of the word in Chinese}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Advances in psychology 90: Language processing in Chinese}}, PUBLISHER = {North-Holland}, ADDRESS = {Amsterdam}, YEAR = {1992}, PAGES = {111--130}, } @INCOLLECTION{Inhoff1997, AUTHOR = {Inhoff, Albrecht W. and Liu, W. and Wang, J. and Fu, D.J.}, TITLE = {{Use of spatial information during the reading of Chinese text}}, BOOKTITLE = {Cognitive research on Chinese language}, PUBLISHER = {Shan Dong Educational Publishing}, ADDRESS = {Jinan}, YEAR = {1997}, PAGES = {296--329}, } @BOOK{Jacobs2005, AUTHOR = {Jacobs, Joachim}, TITLE = {{Spatien. Zum System der Getrennt- und Zusammenschreibung im heutigen Deutsch}}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin}, YEAR = {2005}, } @ARTICLE{Joyce2011, AUTHOR = {Joyce, Terry}, TITLE = {The significance of the morphographic principle for the classification of writing systems}, JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy}, YEAR = {2011}, VOLUME = {14}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {58--81}, } @ARTICLE{Joyce2012, AUTHOR = {Joyce, Terry and Hodošček, Bor and Nishina, Kikuko}, TITLE = {{Orthographic representation and variation within the Japanese writing system: Some corpus-based observations}}, JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy}, YEAR = {2012}, VOLUME = {15}, NUMBER = {2}, PAGES = {254--278}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{Joyce2016, AUTHOR = {Joyce, Terry and Masuda, Hisashi}, TITLE = {{Just mixed up or a pretty neat idea? Some reflections on the multi-script nature of the Japanese writing system}}, BOOKTITLE = {Understanding writing systems: From core issues to implications for written language acquisition'---10th International Workshop on Written Language and Literacy}, ADDRESS = {Radboud University, Nijmegen}, YEAR = {2016}, } @INCOLLECTION{Joyce2018, AUTHOR = {Joyce, Terry and Masuda, Hisashi}, TITLE = {{Introduction to the multi-script Japanese writing system and word processing}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Writing Systems, Reading Processes, and Cross-Linguistic Influences: Reflections from the Chinese, Japanese and Korean Languages}}, PUBLISHER = {John Benjamins}, YEAR = {2018}, PAGES = {179--200}, } @ARTICLE{Kajii2001, AUTHOR = {Kajii, Natsumi and Nazir, Tatjana A. and Osaka, Naoyuki}, TITLE = {{Eye movement control in reading unspaced text: the case of theJapanese script}}, JOURNAL = {Vision Research}, YEAR = {2001}, VOLUME = {41}, PAGES = {2503--2510}, } @BOOK{Kohrt1985, AUTHOR = {Kohrt, Manfred}, TITLE = {{Problemgeschichte des Graphembegriffs und des frühen Phonembegriffs}}, PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {T\"ubingen}, YEAR = {1985}, } @ARTICLE{Li2013, AUTHOR = {Li, X. and Shen, W.}, TITLE = {{Joint effect of insertion of spaces and word length in saccade target selection in Chinese reading}}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Research in Reading}, YEAR = {2013}, VOLUME = {36}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {64--77}, } @INCOLLECTION{Li2015, AUTHOR = {Li, Xingshan and Zang, Chuanli and Liversedge, Simon P. and Pollatsek, Alexander}, EDITOR = {Pollatsek, Alexander and Treiman, Rebecca}, TITLE = {{The role of words in Chinese reading}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of reading}}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2015}, PAGES = {232--244}, } @ARTICLE{Liu2014, AUTHOR = {Liu, P. and Li, X.}, TITLE = {{Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently: Evidence from eye movements}}, JOURNAL = {British Journal of Psychology}, YEAR = {2014}, VOLUME = {105}, PAGES = {57--68}, } @INCOLLECTION{McCarthyPrince1995, AUTHOR = {McCarthy, John J. and Alan Prince}, EDITOR = {Jill Beckman and Laura Dickey and Suzanne Urbanczyk}, TITLE = {{Faithfulness and reduplicative identity}}, BOOKTITLE = {{University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory}}, PUBLISHER = {GLSA}, ADDRESS = {Amherst}, YEAR = {1995}, PAGES = {249--384}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{Meng2019, AUTHOR = {Meng, Yuxian and Li, Xiaoya and Sun, Xiaofel and Han, Quinghong and Yuan, Arianna and Li, Jiwei}, TITLE = {{Is Word Segmentation Necessary for Deep Learning of ChineseRepresentations?}}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, YEAR = {2019}, PAGES = {3242--3252}, } @BOOK{Nespor1986, AUTHOR = {Nespor, Marina and Vogel, Irene}, TITLE = {{Prosodic Phonology}}, PUBLISHER = {Foris}, ADDRESS = {Fordrecht}, YEAR = {1986}, } @ARTICLE{Osaka1989, AUTHOR = {Osaka, Naoyuki}, TITLE = {{Eye fixation and saccade during kana and kanji textreading: comparison of English and Japanese text processing}}, JOURNAL = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, YEAR = {1989}, VOLUME = {27}, PAGES = {548--550}, } @ARTICLE{Osaka1992, AUTHOR = {Osaka, Naoyuki}, TITLE = {{Size of saccade and fixation duration of eye movements during reading: psychophysics of Japanese text processing}}, JOURNAL = {Journal of the Optical Society of America A}, YEAR = {1992}, VOLUME = {9}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {5--13}, } @INCOLLECTION{Packard1998, AUTHOR = {Packard, Jerome L.}, EDITOR = {Packard, Jerome L.}, TITLE = {Introduction}, BOOKTITLE = {New approaches to Chinese word formation: Morphology, phonology and the lexicon in modern and ancient Chinese}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin}, YEAR = {1998}, PAGES = {1--34}, } @BOOK{Packard2000, AUTHOR = {Packard, Jerome L.}, TITLE = {{The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach}}, PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press}, ADDRESS = {Cambridge}, YEAR = {2000}, } @ARTICLE{Primus2003, AUTHOR = {Primus, Beatrice}, TITLE = {{Zum Silbenbegriff in der Schrift-, Laut- und Geb\"ardensprache -- Versuch einer medium\"ubergreifenden Fundierung}}, JOURNAL = {{Zeitschrift f\"ur Sprachwissenschaft}}, YEAR = {2003}, VOLUME = {22}, PAGES = {3--55}, } @INCOLLECTION{Primus2010, AUTHOR = {Primus, Beatrice}, EDITOR = {Bredel, Ursula and Müller, Astrid and Hinney, Gabriele}, TITLE = {{Strukturelle Grundlagen des deutschen Schriftsystems}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Schriftsystem und Schrifterwerb: linguistisch -- didaktisch -- empirisch}}, PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {Tübingen}, YEAR = {2010}, PAGES = {9--45}, } @BOOK{Prince1993, AUTHOR = {Prince, Alan and Smolensky, Paul}, TITLE = {{Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar}}, PUBLISHER = {{Ms., Rutgers University (= Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science Technical Report 2)}}, YEAR = {1993}, } @ARTICLE{Ratcliffe2001, AUTHOR = {Ratcliffe, Robert R.}, TITLE = {{What do “phonemic” writing systems represent?}}, JOURNAL = {Written Language \& Literacy}, YEAR = {2001}, VOLUME = {4}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {1--14}, } @BOOK{Rogers2005, AUTHOR = {Rogers, Henry}, TITLE = {{Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach}}, EDITION = {3rd ed.}, PUBLISHER = {Blackwell}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2005}, } @BOOK{Rollings2004, AUTHOR = {Rollings, Andrew G.}, TITLE = {{The spelling patterns of English}}, PUBLISHER = {{Lincom Europa}}, ADDRESS = {Muenchen}, YEAR = {2004}, } @ARTICLE{Roubah2001, AUTHOR = {Roubah, A{\"i}cha and Taft, Marcus}, TITLE = {{The functional role of syllabic structure in French visual word recognition}}, JOURNAL = {{Memory \& Cognition}}, YEAR = {2001}, VOLUME = {29}, PAGES = {373--381}, } @PHDTHESIS{Ryan2018, AUTHOR = {Ryan, Des}, TITLE = {{Principles of English spelling formation}}, SCHOOL = {{Trinity College Dublin}}, YEAR = {2018}, } @ARTICLE{Sainio2007, AUTHOR = {Sainio, Miia and Hyönä, Jukka and Bingushi, Kazuo and Bertram, Raymond}, TITLE = {{The role of interword spacing in reading Japanese: An eye movement study}}, JOURNAL = {Vision Research}, YEAR = {2007}, VOLUME = {47}, PAGES = {2575--2584}, } @ARTICLE{Schiering2010, AUTHOR = {Schiering, René and Bickel, Balthasar and Hildebrandt, Kristine E.}, TITLE = {The prosodic word is not universal, but emergent}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Linguistics}, YEAR = {2010}, VOLUME = {46}, NUMBER = {3}, PAGES = {657--709}, } @BOOK{Sproat2010, AUTHOR = {Sproat, Richard}, TITLE = {Language, technology and society}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2010}, } @INCOLLECTION{Taylor2015, AUTHOR = {Taylor, John R.}, EDITOR = {Taylor, John R.}, TITLE = {Introduction}, BOOKTITLE = {{Oxford Handbook of the Word}}, PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press}, ADDRESS = {Oxford}, YEAR = {2015}, PAGES = {1--23}, } @INCOLLECTION{Weingarten2004, AUTHOR = {Weingarten, Rüdiger}, EDITOR = {Bredel, Ursula and Siebert-Ott, Gesa and Thelen, Tobias}, TITLE = {{Die Silbe im Schreibprozess und im Schriftspracherwerb}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Schriftspracherwerb und Orthographie}}, PUBLISHER = {Schneider}, ADDRESS = {Baltmannsweiler}, YEAR = {2004}, PAGES = {6--21}, } @INCOLLECTION{Wurzel2000, AUTHOR = {Wurzel, Wolfgang Ulrich}, EDITOR = {Rolf Thieroff and Matthias Tamrat and Nanna Fuhrhop and Oliver Teuber}, TITLE = {{Was ist ein Wort?}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Deutsche Grammatik in Theorie und Praxis}}, PUBLISHER = {Niemeyer}, ADDRESS = {Tübingen}, YEAR = {2000}, } @ARTICLE{Zhang1985, AUTHOR = {Zhang, S.}, TITLE = {{On some problems with Chinese phonetic writing orthography}}, JOURNAL = {Chinese Phonetic Writing Group}, YEAR = {1985}, PAGES = {61--66}, } @BOOK{Zifonun1997, EDITOR = {Zifonun, Gisela and Hoffmann, Ludger and Strecker, Bruno}, TITLE = {{Grammatik der deutschen Sprache}}, PUBLISHER = {De Gruyter}, ADDRESS = {Berlin/New York}, YEAR = {1997}, } Martin Evertz-Rittich (2020), “What Is a Written Word? And if So, How Many?,” in Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020 (Yannis Haralambous, Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, Vol. 4, Brest: Fluxus Editions, 25–45. @INPROCEEDINGS{gla4-ever, AUTHOR = {Martin Evertz-Rittich}, EDITOR = {Haralambous, Yannis}, TITLE = {{What Is a Written Word? And if So, How Many?}}, BOOKTITLE = {{Proceedings of Grapholinguistics in the 21st Century, 2020}}, SERIES = {{Grapholinguistics and Its Applications}}, VOLUME = {4}, PUBLISHER = {Fluxus Editions}, ADDRESS = {Brest}, YEAR = {2020}, PAGES = {25--45}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.36824/2020-graf-ever}, }